先来看一道面试题：
对已经关闭的 chan 进行读写，会怎么样？为什么？
在上一篇学习 Go 协程的文章中，知道 go 关键字可以用来开启一个 goroutine 进行任务处理，但多个任务之间如果需要通信，就需要用到通道（channel）了。
声明并初始化一个通道，可以使用 Go 语言的内建函数 make，同时指定该通道类型的元素类型，下面声明了一个 chan int 类型的 channel:
ch := make(chan int)
发送（写）：发送操作包括了“复制元素值”和“放置副本到通道内部”这两个步骤。即：进入通道的并不是操作符右边的那个元素值，而是它的副本。
ch := make(chan int) // write to channel ch <- x
接收（读）：接收操作包含了“复制通道内的元素值”、“放置副本到接收方”、“删掉原值”三个步骤。
ch := make(chan int) // read from channel x <- ch // another way to read x = <- ch
关闭：关闭 channel 会产生一个广播机制，所有向 channel 读取消息的 goroutine 都会收到消息。
ch := make(chan int) close(ch)
从一个已关闭的 channel 中读取消息永远不会阻塞，并且会返回一个为 false 的 ok-idiom，可以用它来判断 channel 是否关闭：
v, ok := <-ch
如果 ok 是false，表明接收的 v 是产生的零值，这个 channel 被关闭了或者为空。
channel 分为不带缓存的 channel 和带缓存的 channel。
使用 make 声明一个通道类型变量时，除了指定通道的元素类型，还可以指定通道的容量，也就是通道最多可以缓存多少个元素值，当容量为 0 时，该通道为非缓冲通道，当容量大于 0 时，该通道为带有缓冲的通道。
ch := make(chan int) //无缓冲的channel ch := make(chan int, 3) //带缓冲的channel
非缓冲通道和缓冲通道有着不同的数据传递方式：
Channel 的主要实现在 src/runtime/chan.go 中，go 版本为 go version go1.14.6 darwin/amd64这里主要看 chansend 如何实现的。
func chansend(c *hchan, ep unsafe.Pointer, block bool, callerpc uintptr) bool {
if c == nil {
if !block {
return false
}
gopark(nil, nil, waitReasonChanSendNilChan, traceEvGoStop, 2)
throw("unreachable")
}
if debugChan {
print("chansend: chan=", c, "\n")
}
if raceenabled {
racereadpc(c.raceaddr(), callerpc, funcPC(chansend))
}
// Fast path: check for failed non-blocking operation without acquiring the lock.
//
// After observing that the channel is not closed, we observe that the channel is
// not ready for sending. Each of these observations is a single word-sized read
// (first c.closed and second c.recvq.first or c.qcount depending on kind of channel).
// Because a closed channel cannot transition from 'ready for sending' to
// 'not ready for sending', even if the channel is closed between the two observations,
// they imply a moment between the two when the channel was both not yet closed
// and not ready for sending. We behave as if we observed the channel at that moment,
// and report that the send cannot proceed.
//
// It is okay if the reads are reordered here: if we observe that the channel is not
// ready for sending and then observe that it is not closed, that implies that the
// channel wasn't closed during the first observation.
if !block && c.closed == 0 && ((c.dataqsiz == 0 && c.recvq.first == nil) ||
(c.dataqsiz > 0 && c.qcount == c.dataqsiz)) {
return false
}
var t0 int64
if blockprofilerate > 0 {
t0 = cputicks()
}
lock(&c.lock)
if c.closed != 0 {
unlock(&c.lock)
panic(plainError("send on closed channel"))
}
if sg := c.recvq.dequeue(); sg != nil {
// Found a waiting receiver. We pass the value we want to send
// directly to the receiver, bypassing the channel buffer (if any).
send(c, sg, ep, func() { unlock(&c.lock) }, 3)
return true
}
if c.qcount < c.dataqsiz {
// Space is available in the channel buffer. Enqueue the element to send.
qp := chanbuf(c, c.sendx)
if raceenabled {
raceacquire(qp)
racerelease(qp)
}
typedmemmove(c.elemtype, qp, ep)
c.sendx++
if c.sendx == c.dataqsiz {
c.sendx = 0
}
c.qcount++
unlock(&c.lock)
return true
}
if !block {
unlock(&c.lock)
return false
}
// Block on the channel. Some receiver will complete our operation for us.
gp := getg()
mysg := acquireSudog()
mysg.releasetime = 0
if t0 != 0 {
mysg.releasetime = -1
}
// No stack splits between assigning elem and enqueuing mysg
// on gp.waiting where copystack can find it.
mysg.elem = ep
mysg.waitlink = nil
mysg.g = gp
mysg.isSelect = false
mysg.c = c
gp.waiting = mysg
gp.param = nil
c.sendq.enqueue(mysg)
gopark(chanparkcommit, unsafe.Pointer(&c.lock), waitReasonChanSend, traceEvGoBlockSend, 2)
// Ensure the value being sent is kept alive until the
// receiver copies it out. The sudog has a pointer to the
// stack object, but sudogs aren't considered as roots of the
// stack tracer.
KeepAlive(ep)
// someone woke us up.
if mysg != gp.waiting {
throw("G waiting list is corrupted")
}
gp.waiting = nil
gp.activeStackChans = false
if gp.param == nil {
if c.closed == 0 {
throw("chansend: spurious wakeup")
}
panic(plainError("send on closed channel"))
}
gp.param = nil
if mysg.releasetime > 0 {
blockevent(mysg.releasetime-t0, 2)
}
mysg.c = nil
releaseSudog(mysg)
return true
}
从代码中可以看到：
所以，开头的面试题就有了答案：
读：
读已经关闭的 chan，能一直读到内容，但是读到的内容根据通道内关闭前是否有元素而不同。
如果 chan 关闭前，buffer 内有元素还未读，会正确读到 chan 内的值，且返回的第二个 bool 值为 true；
如果 chan 关闭前，buffer 内有元素已经被读完，chan 内无值，返回 channel 元素的零值，第二个 bool 值为 false。
写：
写已经关闭的 chan 会 panic。
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