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牛顿迭代法（Newton's method）又称为牛顿-拉夫逊方法（Newton-Raphson method），它是牛顿在17世纪提出的一种在实数域和复数域上近似求解方程的方法。多数方程不存在求根公式，因此求精确根非常困难，甚至不可能，从而寻找方程的近似根就显得特别重要。方法使用函数f(x)的泰勒级数的前面几项来寻找方程f(x) = 0的根。牛顿迭代法是求方程根的重要方法之一，其最大优点是在方程f(x) = 0的单根附近具有平方收敛，而且该法还可以用来求方程的重根、复根。 设r是f(x) = 0的根，选取x0作为r初始近似值，过点（x0,f(x0)）做曲线y = f(x)的切线L，L的方程为y = f(x0) f'(x0)(x-x0)，求出L与x轴交点的横坐标 x1 = x0-f(x0)/f'(x0)，称x1为r的一次近似值。过点（x1,f(x1)）做曲线y = f(x)的切线，并求该切线与x轴的横坐标 x2 = x1-f(x1)/f'(x1)，称x2为r的二次近似值。重复以上过程，得r的近似值序列，其中x(n+1)=x(n)－f(x(n))/f'(x(n))，称为r的n+1次近似值，上式称为牛顿迭代公式。 解非线性方程f(x)=0的牛顿法是把非线性方程线性化的一种近似方法。把f(x)在x0点附近展开成泰勒级数 f(x) = f(x0)+(x－x0)f'(x0)+(x－x0)^2*f''(x0)/2! +… 取其线性部分，作为非线性方程f(x) = 0的近似方程，即泰勒展开的前两项，则有f(x0)+f'(x0)(x－x0)=f(x)=0 设f'(x0)≠0则其解为x1=x0－f(x0)/f'(x0) 这样，得到牛顿法的一个迭代序列：x(n+1)=x(n)－f(x(n))/f'(x(n))。
人名，赫尔穆特·牛顿
The Dark Knight is a 2008 superhero film directed and co-written by Christopher Nolan. Based on the DC Comics character Batman, the film is part of Nolan's Batman film series and a sequel to 2005's Batman Begins. Christian Bale reprises the lead role. The film follows Bruce Wayne/Batman (Bale), District Attorney Harvey Dent (Aaron Eckhart), Assistant D.A. Rachel Dawes (Maggie Gyllenhaal), and Police Commissioner James Gordon (Gary Oldman) and their struggles and journey in combating the new threat of the Joker (Heath Ledger). The Joker's identity is left a mystery in the film, while Dent's transformation from heroic district attorney to disfigured killer Two-Face is presented entirely. Nolan's inspiration for the film was the Joker's comic book debut in 1940, and the 1996 series The Long Halloween, which retold Two-Face's origin. The Dark Knight was filmed primarily in Chicago, as well as in several other locations in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Hong Kong. Nolan used an IMAX camera to film some sequences, including the Joker's first appearance in the film. Academy Awards[163] Best Supporting Actor Heath Ledger Won Best Art Direction Nathan Crowley, Peter Lando Nominated Best Cinematography Wally Pfister Nominated Best Film Editing Lee Smith Nominated Best Makeup John Caglione, Jr. and Conor O’Sullivan Nominated Best Sound Editing Richard King Won Best Sound Mixing Lora Hirschberg, Gary Rizzo and Ed Novick Nominated Best Visual Effects Nick Davis, Chris Corbould, Tim Webber and Paul Franklin Nominated American Film Institute[164] Top 10 Film of the Year Warner Brothers Studios Won Australian Film Institute[165] International Award for Best Actor Heath Ledger Won BAFTA Awards.[166] Best Supporting Actor Heath Ledger Won Best Music Hans Zimmer / James Newton Howard Nominated Best Cinematography Wally Pfister Nominated Best Editing Lee Smith Nominated Best Production Design Nathan Crowley / Peter Lando Nominated Best Costume Design Linda Hemming Nominated Best Sound Lora Hirschberg / Richard King / Ed Novick / Gary Rizzo Nominated Best Visual Effects Chris Corbould / Nick Davis / Paul Franklin / Tim Webber Nominated Best Make Up and Hair Peter Robb-King Nominated Broadcast Film Critics Association[167] Best Picture Warner Brothers Studios Nominated Best Director Christopher Nolan Nominated Best Supporting Actor Heath Ledger Won Best Acting Ensemble Bale, Caine, Ledger, Eckhart, Oldman, Gyllenhaal, and Freeman Nominated Best Action Movie Warner Brothers Studios Won Best Composer James Newton Howard and Hans Zimmer Nominated Golden Globe Awards[168] Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture Heath Ledger Won Golden Trailer Awards[169] Best Action Trailer Warner Brothers Studios Won "Batman Teaser" Poster Warner Brothers Studios Nominated Best Summer 2008 Blockbuster Poster (teaser) Warner Brothers Studios Won Best Motion Title/Graphics Warner Brothers Studios Nominated Grammy Awards[170] Best Score Soundtrack Album James Newton Howard and Hans Zimmer Won National Board of Review[171] Top 10 Film of the Year Warner Brothers Won National Movie Awards[172] Best Superhero Film Warner Brothers Studios Won Best Performance - Male Christian Bale Nominated Project Fanboy Awards[173] Best Comic Book to Movie Adaptation Batman The Dark Knight Won Best Comic Book to Movie Adaptation: Actor Heath Ledger Won People's Choice Awards[174] Favorite Movie Warner Brothers Studios Won Favorite Action Movie Warner Brothers Studios Won Favorite Cast Bale, Ledger, Eckhart, Caine, Oldman, Gyllenhaal, and Freeman Won Favorite Male Action Star Christian Bale Nominated Favorite Leading Man Christian Bale Nominated Favorite On-Screen Match Up Christian Bale and Heath Ledger Won Favorite Superhero Christian Bale as Batman Won Satellite Awards[175] Best Sound (Mixing & Editing) Richard King, Lora Hirschberg, and Gary rizzo Won Best Director Christopher Nolan Nominated Best Supporting Actor Heath Ledger Nominated Best Visual Effects Nick Davis, Chris Corbould, Tim Webber, Paul Franklin Nominated Best Film Editing Lee Smith Nominated Saturn Award[176] Best Action/Adventure/Thriller Film Warner Bros Nominated Best Director Christopher Nolan Nominated Best Writing Jonathan Nolan and Christopher Nolan Nominated Best Actor Christian Bale Nominated Best Actress Maggie Gyllenhall Nominated Best Supporting Actor Aaron Eckhart Nominated Best Supporting Actor Heath Ledger Nominated Best Music James Newton Howard Nominated Best Costume Lindy Hemming Nominated Best Make Up John Caglione, JR. and Conor O’Sullian Nominated Best Special Effects Nick Davis, Chis Corbould, Tim Webber, Paul Franklin Nominated Scream Awards[177] The Ultimate Scream Warner Brothers studios Won Best Director Christopher Nolan Won Best Screamplay Christopher Nolan and Jonathan Nolan Won Best Sequel Warner Brothers Studios Won Best F/X Warner Brothers Studios Won Best Comic Book Movie Warner Brothers Studios Won Best Fantasy Actor Heath Ledger Won Best Superhero Christian Bale Won Best Villain Heath Ledger Won Best Supporting Actor Gary Oldman Won The Holy Sh!t Scene of the Year Big Rig Flips over Won Best Line Heath Ledger - I believe that whatever doesn't kill you simply makes you... stranger! Won Best Fantasy Movie Warner Brothers Studios Nominated Best Fantasy Actor Christian Bale Nominated Best Villain Aaron Eckhart Nominated Best Supporting Actor Michael Caine Nominated Best Line Heath Ledger - Why So Serious? Nominated Best Line Heath Ledger - I'm gonna make this pencil disappear Nominated The Holy Sh!t Scene of the Year The Batmobile/Batpod Chase Nominated Teen Choice Awards[178] Choice Summer Movie - Action, Adventure Warner Brothers Studios Nominated Guild awards Award Category Winner/Nominee Result American Cinema Editors[179] Best Edited Feature Film,Dramatic Lee Smith Nominated American Society of Cinematographers[180] Outstanding Achievement Award,Theatrical Release Wally Pfister Nominated Art Directors Guild[181] Excellence in Production Design,Fantasy Films Nathan Crowley Won Cinema Audio Society Awards[182] Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing Ed Novick,Lora Hirschberg,Gary A. Rizzo Nominated Costume Designers Guild[183] Excellence in Fantasy Film Lindy Hemming Won Directors Guild of America[184] Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Feature Film Christopher Nolan Nominated Motion Picture Sound Editors[185] Best Sound Editing: Music in a Feature Film Alex Gibson and Daniel Pinder Won Best Sound Editing: Dialogue and ADR in a Feature Film Richard King, Hugo Weng, Linda Folk, and Michael Magill Nominated Best Sound Editing: Sound Effects and Foley in a Feature Film Richard King,Christopher Flick,John Roesch, Alyson Dee Moore, Michael W. Mitchell, Hamilton Sterling, and Michael Babcock Won Producers Guild of America[186] Motion Picture Producer of the Year Award, Theatrical Motion Picture Christopher Nolan, Charles Roven, Emma Thomas Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards[187] Best Supporting Actor Heath Ledger Won Best Stunt Ensemble Warner Brothers Studios Won Visual Effects Society[188] Outstanding Models and Miniatures in a Feature Motion Picture(Garbage Truck Crash Models And Miniature) Ian Hunter, Forest Fischer, Branden Seifert, Adam Gelbart Won Outstanding Created Environment in a Feature Motion Picture(Imax Gotham City Scapes) Peter Bebb, David Vickery, Philippe Leprince, Andrew Lockley Won Outstanding Special Effects in a Motion Picture Chris Corbould, Peter Notley, Ian Lowe Won Writers Guild of America[189] Best Adapted Screenplay Jonathan Nolan and Christopher Nolan; Story by Christopher Nolan & David S. Goyer Nominated Critics awards Award Category Winner/Nominee Result African-American Critics Association[190] Best Picture Warner Brothers Studios Won Best Supporting Actor Heath Ledger Won Alliance of Women Film Journalists Awards[191] Best Supporting Actor Heath Ledger Won Boston Society of Film Critics[192] Best Supporting Actor Heath Ledger Won Austin Film Critics Association[193] Best Picture Warner Brothers Studios Won Best Director Christopher Nolan Won Best Supporting Actor Heath Ledger Won Best Adapted Screenplay Christopher Nolan and Jonathan Nolan Won Best Original Score James Newton Howard and Hans Zimmer Won Central Ohio Film Critics Association[194] Top 10 Film of the Year (#4) Warner Brothers Studios Won Best Supporting Actor Heath Ledger Won Best Acting Ensemble Bale, Ledger, Eckhart, Oldman, Caine, Gyllenhaal, and Freeman Won Best Cinematography Wally Pfister Won Chicago Film Critics Association[195] Best Picture Warner Brothers Studios Nominated Best Director Christopher Nolan Nominated Best Supporting Actor Heath Ledger Won Best Adapted Screenplay Jonathan Nolan and Christopher Nolan Nominated Best Cinematography Wally Pfister Won Best Original Score James Newton Howard and Hans Zimmer Nominated Detroit Film Critics Society[196] Best Picture Warner Brothers Studios Nominated Best Director Christopher Nolan Nominated Best Supporting Actor Heath Ledger Won Dallas-Ft. Worth Film Critics[197] Top 10 Film of the Year (#3) Warner Brothers Studios Won Best Supporting Actor Heath Ledger Won Best Cinematography Wally Pfister Won Best Director Christopher Nolan Runner-Up Florida Film Critics[198] Best Supporting Actor Heath Ledger Won Best Cinematography Wally Pfister Won Houston Film Critics[199] Best Supporting Actor Heath Ledger Won International Film Music Critics Association[200] Film Score of the Year James Newton Howard and Hans Zimmer Nominated Best Original Score for an Action/Adventure Film James Newton Howard and Hans Zimmer Nominated Iowa Film Critics[201] Best Supporting Actor Heath Ledger Won Kansas City Film Critics[202] Best Supporting Actor Heath Ledger Won Best Fantasy or Horror Film Warner Brothers Studios Won Las Vegas Film Critics Society Sierra Awards[203] Best Supporting Actor Heath Ledger Won London Film Critics[204] Actor of the Year Heath Ledger Nominated Los Angeles Film Critics Association[205] Best Supporting Actor Heath Ledger Won Best Film Warner Brothers Studios Runner-Up Best Direcor Christopher Nolan Runner-Up Best Production Design Nathan Crowley Runner-Up New York Film Critics Online Best Supporting Actor Heath Ledger Won Oklahoma Film Critics[206] Top Ten Film of the Year Warner Brothers Studios Won Best Supporting Actor Heath Ledger Won Online Film Critics Society[207] Best Picture Warner Brothers Studios Nominated Best Director Christopher Nolan Won Best Supporting Actor Heath Ledger Won Best Adapted Screenplay Christopher Nolan and Jonathan Nolan Nominated Best Cinematography Wally Pfister Won Best Editing Lee Smith Nominated Best Score James Newton Howard / Hans Zimmer Won Phoenix Film Critics Society[208] Top 10 Film of the Year Warner Brothers Studios Won Best Supporting Actor Heath Ledger Won Best Production Design Nathan Crowley Won Best Visual Effects Nick Davis, Chris Corbould, Tim Webber, Paul Franklin Won Best Stunts Warner Brothers Studios Won San Diego Film Critics Society[209] Best Supporting Actor Heath Ledger Won Best Film Warner Brothers Studios Runner-Up San Francisco Film Critics Circle[210] Best Supporting Actor Heath Ledger Won Best Cinematography Wally Pfister Won Southeastern Film Critics Association[211] Best Supporting Actor Heath Ledger Won Top 10 Film of the Year (#4) Warner Brothers Studios Won St. Louis Film Critics Association[212] Best Supporting Actor Heath Ledger Won Best Special Effects Nick Davis, Chris Corbould, Tim Webber, Paul Franklin Won Best Picture Warner Brothers Studios Nominated Best Director Christopher Nolan Nominated Best Cinematography Wally Pfister Nominated Best Music James Newton Howard and Hans Zimmer Nominated Toronto Film Critics[213] Best Supporting Actor Heath Ledger Won Utah Film Critics[214] Best Picture Warner Brothers Studios Won Best Director Christopher Nolan Runner-Up Best Supporting Actor Heath Ledger Won Vancouver Film Critics[215] Best Supporting Actor Heath Ledger Won Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association[216] Best Supporting Actor Heath Ledger Won
是一个town。 看你的问题，可能还不太清楚英国行政机构分级，给你说一下吧。 英国分为4个联邦国（4个独立的国家）组成的联邦，也就是4个国家合伙过日子，所以才有苏格兰闹独立的问题，实际上是苏格兰要脱离UK联邦的问题，就想英国脱离欧盟一样。这和中国是不同的，中国就是一个国家。以中国的政治体制去理解英国或欧洲的这些事，那是无论如何也无法理解的。 说回来，其中英格兰和威尔士的行政机构分为郡county、市city或自治市borough、镇town（村village）大概3个级别（实际上，英国行政结构因为多年演变且地方自治，远不是中国的结构那么简单）。town就是最小的机构了。 英国没有州的说法，那是美国的叫法。如果对应来说，美国的州相当于英国的连邦国。
